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Beyond that baseline, there was little consensus. Some of our sources felt that further upgrades to the M1 Abrams would suffice for the foreseeable future, arguing there\u2019s not \u2013 yet \u2013 been any radical change in tactics or fundamental improvement in armored vehicle design that would call for an all-new vehicle. Others saw potential for a new kind of tank. And some thought the M1\u2019s replacement shouldn\u2019t be a new tank at all, but a whole family of different vehicles, manned and unmanned,<\/a> working together as a networked wolfpack.<\/p>\n That concept of \u201cmanned-unmanned teaming\u201d is already being explored by the Army\u2019s Robotic Combat Vehicle<\/a> program. It\u2019s also central to the Air Force\u2019s Loyal Wingman<\/a> drones and the Navy\u2019s unmanned \u201cGhost Fleet,\u201d<\/a> designed to support manned fighters and warships respectively.<\/p>\n There\u2019s revolutionary potential here to disaggregate traditional weapons platforms. Instead of having gun, sensors, and crew all on one vehicle, you could put, say, your long-range sensors on a drone, your decoys on another (expendable) drone, your main gun on a ground robot, and your human controller in a small, well-armored command vehicle hidden some distance away.<\/p>\n \u201cI would expect to see the bundled capabilities of the M1 gradually broken apart \u2013 the requirements and functions of the M1 being spread over multiple systems,\u201d said Dan Patt<\/a>, a former DARPA official now with thinktank CSBA<\/a>. \u201cCrewed armored vehicles will be with us for quite some time, [but] the bigger military impact comes from the ability to split apart weapon system functions, take more risks, and experiment with different force combinations in adaptable ways. These changes are ready now.\u201d<\/p>\n Of course, this revolution depends on the network technologies actually working to keep all those humans and robots connected \u2013 even in the face of enemy hacking and jamming.<\/p>\n The Drones Of Nagorno-Karabakh<\/strong><\/p>\n As for the individual armored vehicles, whatever they look like, their survival will increasingly depend on their defenses against enemy drones. That was the bloody lesson of both Russia\u2019s 2014 invasion of Ukraine<\/a>, in which scout drones pinpointed Ukrainian armored vehicles for devastating rocket barrages, and Azerbaijan\u2019s 2020 offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh<\/a>, in which armed and kamikaze drones decimated Armenian armor.<\/p>\n How big a change does this portend? Based on the bloody lessons taught Ukraine and Armenia, \u201cI think we\u2019re likely to see technology radically transform the ground warfare environment over the next several decades in ways not seen since World War I,\u201d said Paul Scharre<\/a>, a former Army Ranger who\u2019s now vice president<\/a> of the thinktank CNAS. \u201cThe persistence and accessibility of drones renders the contemporary \u2013 and future \u2013 battlefield much more transparent to aerial surveillance and, consequently, attack.\u201d<\/p>\n But there are promising countermeasures already available today, argued Samuel Bendett<\/a>, an expert on the Russian military at CNA<\/a>.<\/p>\n \u201cHad the Armenians prepared their tanks for the new type of war that took place last October, their losses would have been far fewer,\u201d he told me. \u201cMuch of what we saw in the Nagorno-Karabakh involved older Soviet tanks in the Armenian service that were not<\/em> well defended against loitering munitions, [which] actually do not pack a big punch.\u201d<\/p>\n By contrast, modern Russian tanks routinely carry reactive armor tiles, which preemptively detonate in the path of incoming warheads; infrared dazzlers, which blind the sensors of anti-tank guided missiles; and active-protection systems, which physically shoot down inbound munitions like a miniaturized missile defense. The US finally began installing an active protection system \u2013 the Israeli Trophy \u2013 on its Abrams tanks in 2018<\/a>.<\/p>\n Even without new technology, better tactics can make a difference, argued Thomas Spoehr<\/a>, a retired Army three-star now at Heritage<\/a>.<\/p>\n \u201cRight now, UAS with smart munitions and kamikaze drones do seem to command the upper hand. But nothing lasts forever,\u201d Spoehr told me. \u201cRegaining freedom of maneuver for tanks might come more from changes in tactics versus technology.\u201d<\/p>\n A historical parallel is how new man-portable anti-tank missiles savaged Israeli armor in the 1973 war, only to have the Israelis learn to flush the missile teams out with infantry. Likewise, the seemingly unstoppable threat of drones could be countered by new tactics aimed at their weak points, for example intensive jamming of their control links and sensors.<\/p>\n Nothing will make the tank invulnerable to drones \u2013 but it\u2019s crucial to remember that tanks have never<\/em> been invulnerable on any battlefield, popular mythmaking aside. Even in the early days during World War I, German artillerymen quickly learned that the new Allied tanks could be destroyed by existing field guns.<\/p>\n In fact, tanks have never even been the toughest<\/em> target on the battlefield. (There\u2019s actually a Marine Corps saying, \u201chunting tanks is fun and easy.\u201d) Historically the hardest thing to kill has been deeply dug-in infantry, from the entrenched defenders of the Western Front to the Viet Cong in their tunnels. But trenches and tunnels are stationary, and once infantry gets out of cover and tries to move, it\u2019s horrifically vulnerable to machinegun and artillery fire.<\/p>\n So the tank was invented in 1916 to restore mobility <\/em>to the battlefield. Its armor protection allowed it to advance under fire. Its tracks allowed it to cross trenches and other obstacles. Its guns allowed it to destroy enemy weapons that threatened its advance. The primitive tanks of World War I failed to break the deadlock of the trenches, not due to any fault in their armor or weapons, but because their engines proved too unreliable to sustain prolonged advances.<\/p>\n Ever since the blitzkrieg of World War II, however, tanks have been essential tools of battlefield mobility. Even in urban and jungle combat, tanks\u2019 ability to smash through walls and trees while surviving improvised mines allows them to clear paths for the infantry.<\/p>\n Will tanks still be essential and decisive in future wars? Or will they be mere adjuncts to some other, newer weapons system like the swarming drone?<\/p>\n Command Vehicles Or Combat Vehicles?<\/strong><\/p>\n Even Scharre, the most futuristic-minded expert we spoke to for this story, doesn\u2019t see armored vehicles disappearing entirely. He just doesn\u2019t see them as being the decisive weapon anymore, but a supporting arm.<\/p>\n \u201cI suspect that tanks will not go away completely,\u201d he told me, \u201cbut they are likely to go the way of the infantry \u2014 as a mopping up force for close-in engagements, rather than the central role tanks have played in ground combat since World War II.\u201d<\/p>\n That central role will shift to ground robots<\/a>, drones<\/a>, and long-range missiles<\/a>, Scharre believes, with the decisive clash often occurring before the humans on opposing sides ever lay eyes on one another. But armored vehicles will still be valuable, especially when humans have to survive maneuvering through a war zone.<\/p>\n \u201cSoldiers will be needed on the battlefield to command-and-control the fight and secure terrain, and they will need to be in armored vehicles to remain protected,\u201d Scharre said. \u201cBut the role of armored vehicles is likely to shift, over time, to predominantly command-and-control platforms for a distributed network of air and ground sensors, drones, and robotic platforms.\u201d<\/p>\n Patt, the ex-DARPA official, agreed. \u201cThe best replacement for the M1 is likely a customizable multi-domain force package,\u201d he said, combining ground robots, aerial drones, and a manned vehicle \u201cthat can pull intel from space when needed, seamlessly call in backup fires, coordinate its own beyond-line-of-sight targeting, and rely on automation in targeting and navigation to multiply the effectiveness of the human crew.\u201d Note that directly engaging targets with a 120mm cannon isn\u2019t on that list.<\/p>\n Other experts saw the value both of robot swarms and<\/em> of something resembling a traditional main battle tank, with a human crew, heavy armor, and big gun to engage the enemy\u2019s toughest targets within line of sight.<\/p>\n \u201cI see the need to diversify our holdings in [armor] to hedge against technology,\u201d said Spoehr. \u201cI think the replacement for the Abrams is not a single vehicle, but several platforms.\u201d<\/p>\n \u201cSome still look like tanks for direct force engagements, when the threat from UAVs is low or technology has found a better, more reliable counter-UAV solution,\u201d he said. \u201cOther, lightly armored manned platforms launch aerial drones and suicide missiles. Still others are fully autonomous platforms controlled by other manned, heavily protected platforms.\u201d<\/p>\n Tactically, Spoehr said, such a force would operate in three waves: first the drones to take out enemy air defenses and command posts, then ground robots, then finally manned main battle tanks to take out the toughest targets.<\/p>\n But why put a human in your heavy tank? Because, bluntly, remote control remains awkward and autonomous robots remain stupid. Sometimes you need an experienced human in the vehicle, onboard. That way they can use all their senses to understand the situation \u2013 the smell of smoke, the sound of the guns, the vibration of the engine \u2014 instead of staring at a screen. That way, too, their input can\u2019t be hacked, jammed, or otherwise disconnected.<\/p>\n Other functions can be automated in the near future, but not the ability to command a tank in combat, Bendett told me. \u201cThis is not something that can be replaced by a neural network or an advanced algorithm anytime soon, given that no one can truly replicate all the nuances of a tank commander\u2019s experience that may span many years, and even decades.\u201d<\/p>\n \u201cThe future replacement for an M1 should be a family of vehicles, [including] a manned, well defended tank \u2026 which in turn commands a team of mid-sized, heavily defended UGVs [Unmanned Ground Vehicles] for ISR and combat roles, [plus] drones,\u201d he added. \u201cIf the UGVs are unable to accomplish their task for some reason, it would be up to a manned tank with a commander who has extensive experience.\u201d<\/p>\n Upgrade The M1 Or Replace It?<\/strong><\/p>\n If a manned main battle tank remains necessary, can the M1 Abrams continue to fill that role, or does the Army need a new MBT?<\/p>\n The M1 Abrams could be the centerpiece of the future manned-unmanned armored force, said Bendett. Much as it\u2019s been upgraded in the past multiple times since its introduction in 1980, it just needs to be upgraded again, with counter-drone defenses, electronic warfare, and a command system for the robots.<\/p>\n But there are only so many upgrades the old M1 can take, argued Guy Swan<\/a>, a retired armor officer now with the Association of the US Army<\/a>.<\/p>\n \u201cOne thing is for sure, we cannot continue to hang more on the M1 Abrams frame,\u201d Swan told me. \u201cThe tank, while I believe it\u2019s still the best in the world, is far too heavy to navigate regions of the world where ground forces may have to operate.\u201d<\/p>\n \u201cThe future tank can and will indeed be less than 60 tons \u2013 a threshold for many roads and bridges<\/a> \u2013 without losing crew protection,\u201d he said, thanks to new active and passive protections. That must include sophisticated \u201cmasking\u201d both of its visual appearance and of its infrared and radio-frequency emissions, he said, because in a world of drones, \u201ctraditional camouflage is not enough.\u201d<\/p>\n A clean-slate tank design would allow for a new engine, Swan added, preferably a hybrid-electric one that puts less strain on supply lines than the M1\u2019s gas-guzzling turbine. It would also allow for an improved turret, although Swan felt the existing 120mm cannon has plenty of potential with upgraded targeting systems and ammunition.<\/p>\n Others felt more firepower was needed for future wars. \u201c55 to 65 tons, [with] a bigger gun or laser, on-board loitering munitions, [an] unmanned turret, [and] hybrid engine,\u201d wrote one retired officer.<\/p>\n Other sources were more skeptical of new technology \u2013 and of the Army\u2019s ability to exploit it. \u201cThey are totally unwilling to accept what is doable in anticipation of some magic solution that never seems to become reality,\u201d said one retired industry expert.\u201c[So] they lose momentum and support \u2014 and then move on to the next shiny object.\u201d<\/p>\n If you don\u2019t trust the Army to manage a major program, then an upgraded M1 Abrams is the best you can expect. A recent Congressional Budget Office study<\/a> projected Army spending on armored vehicles through 2050 and predicted that Abrams upgrades would eat a lion\u2019s share of it. \u201cCBO projects that more than 40 percent of the total costs would be for upgrading and remanufacturing Abrams tanks,\u201d the study said, an average of $2 billion a year.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.fie.undef.edu.ar\/ceptm\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/tanque02.jpg\")
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